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Frederick Edward Maning (5 July 1812 – 25 July 1883) was a notable early settler in New Zealand, a writer and judge of the Native Land Court. He published two books under the pseudonym of "a Pakeha Maori." Maning was born in Johnville, County Dublin, Ireland, the eldest son of moderately wealthy, Protestant Anglo-Irish parents. His father, Frederick Maning, emigrated to Van Diemen's Land in 1824 with his wife and three sons to take up farming. Young Maning became a skilled outdoorsman, and built up the physical strength to match his six-foot, three inch stature. In 1829, his father became a customs officer in Hobart and moved there with his family. It is quite likely that Maning participated in the infamous Black Line and at least witnessed aspects of the Black War. He reportedly did not speak of this period much in his later life. It is possible that these incidents may have contributed to his decision to leave Hobart. By 1832, Frederick had left home to manage a remote outpost in the north of Tasmania. Soon after, Frederick decided to pursue his fortune in New Zealand. Maning arrived in the Hokianga area at age 22, on 30 June 1833, and lived among the Ngā Puhi Māori. With Maning's physical skills and great stature, as well as his considerable good humor, he quickly gained favor with the tribe. He became known as a Pākehā Māori (a European turned native) and his arrival in New Zealand is the subject of the first chapters of his book ''Old New Zealand''. In 1837, he sold his property and returned to Hobart. He returned to Hokianga in March, 1839 and in September purchased 200 acres (0.8 km²) for a farm at Onoke. He built a house there that was standing until destroyed by fire in 2004. He took a Māori wife, Moengoroa, and they had four children,Susan, Maria Amina, Hauraki Hereward and Mary. In 1840, Maning acted as a translator at meetings about the Treaty of Waitangi, and he advised the local Māori to not sign. His vocal opposition to the Treaty was primarily because he had settled with the Māori precisely to escape from the restrictions of European civilization. He feared that the introduction of European style law would put a damper on his lifestyle and on his entrepreneurial trading activities. He warned the Māori that European colonization would degrade them. Governor William Hobson countered by telling the Māori that without British Law, lawless self-interested Europeans without any regard for Māori rights would soon take all their land. Maning's book ''Old New Zealand'' is, in part, a lament for the lost freedom enjoyed before European rule. In 1845-1846, during the Māori Wars, he sometimes used his influence with the Māori to intercede on behalf of settlers. He also organized supplies to the government's Māori supporters. However, he wrote his second book, ''A history of the war in the north of New Zealand against the chief Heke'' from the perspective of an imaginary supporter of Hone Heke, who was one of the principal antagonists opposing the government. Maning may even have actually fought with Hone Heke against one of Tāmati Wāka Nene's allies, the Hokianga chief, Makoare Te Taonui in the The Battle of Te Ahu Ahu. But this seems unlikely as he was known to have sided with the government and Waka Nene by the end of the war.〔NZ Herald (November 13, 1863)〕 Through the 1850s, Maning primarily occupied himself with timber and gum trade. In the early 1860s, he retired from business activities. In 1865, he entered the public service as a judge of the Native Land Court, where his unequalled knowledge of the Māori language, customs, traditions and prejudices was of solid value. He retired in 1876 although he helped conduct a major land court hearing at Taupo in 1881. He became estranged from his children in his later years. In November 1882, he went to London for an operation; however, he died there on 25 July 1883 of cancer. At his wish, his body was taken back to New Zealand and buried in December, 1883, in the Symonds Street Cemetery in Auckland. Maning is chiefly remembered as the author of two short books, ''Old New Zealand'' and ''History of the War in the North of New Zealand against the Chief Heke''. Both books have been reprinted many times and have become classics of New Zealand literature. == See also == * New Zealand literature 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Frederick Edward Maning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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